Diesel Fuel

In the refining process, Crude oil is converted into transportation fuels — gasoline, jet fuel, and diesel fuel; and other petroleum products, such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), heating fuel, lubricating oil, wax, and asphalt. High-gravity crude oils contain more of the lighter products needed for the production of transportation fuels, and generally have lower sulfur content. Modern refining processes can also convert low-gravity crude oils into lighter products, at an added expense of more complex processing equipment, more processing steps, and more energy.

Diesel or diesel fuel is a specific fractional distillate of fuel oil (mostly petroleum) that is used as fuel in diesel engines. Diesel is produced from crude oil, and is sometimes called petrodiesel when there is a need to distinguish it from diesel obtained from other sources such as biodiesel. It is a hydrocarbon mixture, obtained in the fractional distillation of crude oil between 200 °C and 350 °C at atmospheric pressure.

Kaspiyskaya Oil and Gas supplies various types of diesel fuels:
- Ultra Low Sulphur Diesel: Includes Euro-5 and Euro-6 Diesel fuels, which have a sulphur content lower than 10ppm
- Low Sulphur Diesel, such as D2 and Automotive Gasoil (AGO)
- High Sulphur Diesel

Jet Fuel

Jet Fuel, also known as Aviation Kerosene, is a specialized type of petroleum-based fuel used to power aircraft; it is generally of higher quality than fuels used in less critical applications such as heating or road transport, and often contains additives to reduce the risk of icing or explosion due to high temperatures, amongst other properties.

CIVIL JET FUELS
Aviation turbine fuels are used for powering jet and turbo-prop engined aircraft and are not to be confused with Avgas. There are currently two main grades of turbine fuel in use in civil commercial aviation: Jet A-1 and Jet A, both are kerosine type fuels. There is another grade of jet fuel, Jet B which is a wide cut kerosine (a blend of gasoline and kerosine) but it is rarely used except in very cold climates.

JET A-1
Jet A-1 is a kerosine grade of fuel suitable for most turbine engined aircraft. It is produced to stringent internationally agreed standard, has a flash point above 38°C (100°F) and a freeze point maximum of -47°C. It is widely available globally. Jet A-1 meets the requirements of British specification DEF STAN 91-91 (Jet A-1), (formerly DERD 2494 (AVTUR)), ASTM specification D1655 (Jet A-1) and IATA Guidance Material (Kerosine Type), NATO Code F-35.

JET A
Jet A is a similar kerosine type of fuel, produced to an ASTM specification and normally only available in the United States of America. It has the same flash point as Jet A-1 but a higher freeze point maximum (-40°C). It is supplied against the ASTM D1655 (Jet A) specification.

JET B
Jet B is a distillate covering the naphtha and kerosine fractions. It can be used as an alternative to Jet A-1 but because it is more difficult to handle (higher flammability), there is only significant demand in very cold climates where better cold weather performance is important. In Canada it is supplied against the Canadian Specification CAN/CGSB 3.23

MILITARY JET FUELS
JP-4
JP-4 is the military equivalent of Jet B with the addition of corrosion inhibitor and anti-icing additives; it meets the requirements of the U.S. Military Specification MIL-PRF-5624S Grade JP-4. JP-4 also meets the requirements of the British Specification DEF STAN 91-88 AVTAG/FSII (formerly DERD 2454),where FSII stands for Fuel Systems Icing Inhibitor. NATO Code F-40.

JP-5
JP-5 is a high flash point kerosine meeting the requirements of the U.S. Military Specification MIL-PRF-5624S Grade JP-5. JP-5 also meets the requirements of the British Specification DEF STAN 91-86 AVCAT/FSII (formerly DERD 2452). NATO Code F-44.

JP-8
JP-8 is the military equivalent of Jet A-1 with the addition of corrosion inhibitor and anti-icing additives; it meets the requirements of the U.S. Military Specification MIL-T-83188D. JP-8 also meets the requirements of the British Specification DEF STAN 91-87 AVTUR/FSII (formerly DERD 2453). NATO Code F-34.

Fuel Oil

Broadly speaking, fuel oil is any liquid fuel that is burned in a furnace or boiler for the generation of heat or used in an engine for the generation of power, except oils having a flash point of approximately 42 degC (108 degF) and oils burned in cotton or wool-wick burners. Fuel oil is made of long hydrocarbon chains, particularly alkanes, cycloalkanes and aromatics. Fuel oil may also be referred to as heavy oil, marine fuel or furnace oil. It is a fraction obtained from crude oil distillation, either as a distillate or a residue.

Mazut
Mazut is a residual fuel oil often derived from Russian Crude Oil sources and is either blended with lighter petroleum fractions or burned directly in specialized boilers and furnaces. It is also used as a petrochemical feedstock.

Bunker Fuels
Bunker Fuels which are also referred to as Marine fuels come in various classifications. The more popular are:
- IFO 380 - Intermediate fuel oil with a maximum viscosity of 380 centistokes (<3.5% sulphur);
- IFO 180 - Intermediate fuel oil with a maximum viscosity of 180 centistokes (<3.5% sulphur);
- LS 380 - Low-sulphur (<1.0%) intermediate fuel oil with a maximum viscosity of 380 centistokes;
- LS 180 - Low-sulphur (<1.0%) intermediate fuel oil with a maximum viscosity of 180 centistokes;
- MDO - Marine diesel: roughly equivalent to No. 2 fuel oil, made from distillate only oil;
- MGO - Marine gasoil: this is a blend of heavy gasoil that contains very small amounts of black refinery feedstocks, but has a low viscosity up to 12 cSt so it need not be heated for use in internal combustion engines;
- LSMGO - Low-sulphur (<0.1%) Marine Gas Oil - This is the fuel used in EU Ports and Anchorages. In accordance to EU Sulphur directive 2005/33/EC;
- ULSMGO - Ultra-Low-Sulphur Marine Gas Oil - referred to as Ultra-Low-Sulfur Diesel (sulphur 0.0015% max) in the US and Auto Gas Oil (sulphur 0.001% max) in the EU. Maximum sulphur allowed in US territories and territorial waters (inland, marine and automotive) and in the EU for inland use.

LPG & LNG

LPG
Liquefied petroleum gas (also called LPG, LP Gas, or autogas) is a mixture of hydrocarbon gases used as a fuel in heating appliances and vehicles, and increasingly replacing chlorofluorocarbons as an aerosol propellant and a refrigerant to reduce damage to the ozone layer.

LPG mixes may be primarily propane, primarily butane, or the more common mixes including both propane and butane, depending on the season. In winter more propane, in summer more butane. Propylene and butylenes are usually also present in small concentration. A powerful odorant, ethanethiol, is added so that leaks can be detected easily. The international standard is EN 589.

LPG is synthesised by refining petroleum or 'wet' natural gas, and is usually derived from fossil fuel sources, being manufactured during the refining of crude oil, or extracted from oil or gas streams as they emerge from the ground. LPG is considered a "clean fuel" as it burns cleanly with no soot and very few sulfur emissions, posing no ground or water pollution hazards. LPG has a typical specific calorific value of 46.1 MJ/kg compared to 42.5 MJ/kg for diesel and 43.5 MJ/kg for premium grade petrol (gasoline). However, its energy density per unit volume is lower than either petrol or diesel.

At normal temperatures and pressures, LPG will evaporate. Because of this, LPG is supplied in pressurised steel bottles. In order to allow for thermal expansion of the contained liquid, these bottles are not filled completely; typically, they are filled to between 80% and 85% of their capacity. The ratio between the volumes of the vaporised gas and the liquefied gas varies depending on composition, pressure and temperature, but is typically around 250:1. The pressure at which LPG becomes liquid, called its vapour pressure, likewise varies depending on composition and temperature.

LNG
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is predominantly methane, CH4, with some mixture of ethane C2H6, that has been converted to liquid form for ease and safety of non-pressurized storage or transport. It takes up about 1/600th the volume of natural gas in the gaseous state (at standard conditions for temperature and pressure). It is odorless, colorless, non-toxic and non-corrosive. The liquefaction process involves removal of certain components, such as dust, acid gases, helium, water, and heavy hydrocarbons, which could cause difficulty downstream. The natural gas is then condensed into a liquid at close to atmospheric pressure by cooling it to approximately −162 °C (−260 °F); maximum transport pressure is set at around 25 kPa (4 psi).

Natural gas is mainly converted in to LNG for purpose of easy transportation over the seas. LNG achieves a higher reduction in volume than compressed natural gas (CNG) so that the (volumetric) energy density of LNG is 2.4 times greater than that of CNG (at 250 bar) or 60 percent that of diesel fuel. This makes LNG cost efficient in marine transport over long distances. LNG is principally used for transporting natural gas to markets, where it is regasified and distributed as pipeline natural gas.

Other products

Light Cycle Oil
Light Cycle oil is a lubricating oil - a liquid residue produced in the petroleum industry when catalytic cracking is employed to convert heavy hydrocarbon fractions remaining from earlier stages of crude oil refining into more valuable lighter products.

Catalytic cracking produces petrol (gasoline), liquid petroleum gas (LPG), unsaturated olefin compounds, cracked gas oils, cycle oil, light gases and a solid coke residue. Cycle oil may be processed further to break it down into more useful products; in particular it may be mixed with heavier products and put through the refining process again (recycled).

Naphtha
Petroleum naphtha is an intermediate hydrocarbon liquid stream derived from the refining of crude oil. It is most usually desulfurized and then catalytically reformed, which re-arranges or re-structures the hydrocarbon molecules in the naphtha as well as breaking some of the molecules into smaller molecules to produce a high-octane component of gasoline (or petrol).

Green Sponge Petcoke
Green petroleum coke is generated by delayed coking during the conversion of crude oil into liquid fuels such as gasoline and jet fuels. Green coke quality is derived mainly from the quality of crude oil that a refinery consumes.

The quality of the coke determines its use. High sulfur coke is consumed as a solid fuel for its BTU content, competing with coal, while low sulfur, low impurity coke is upgraded through calcining for consumption as a critical raw material in the aluminum and steel industries.